24.
Words that are less similar in length and composition will have substantially
different coordinate values
24.1. Concept is (y=1553 ,x--303)
24.1.1. i.e. "the highest leftmost pixel occupies a
grid square whose address is (1553, 303)"
25. However Concept, Concert and Concern would have
partial overlap in the current design.
25.1. This can be addressed in iterative refinements
of the current addressing system.
25.2. Overlap is a permissible, common, and addressable
situation in cartography.
26. What does the distance mean?
26.1. X axis is Alphabetical distance at the global
level, with word size distance locally within a letter
26.1.1. note that short words leave space for longer
words...
26.1.2. note that the either axis could be designated
(i.e. Y could be the Alphabetical axis if there's a good reason...
26.2. Y axis is an arbitrary numerical 'value spreading'
function
27. Advantages
27.1. consistent (fixed relative coordinate system)
27.2. dominated by Alphabetical order supported by one,
and only one, axis
27.3. lends itself to layering
27.4. lends itself to spatial processing for analysis
and visualization
27.5. economical (files are suitable for PC and network
traffic)
28. Disadvantages
28.1. not ordered by categories
28.2. not ordered by meanig
28.3. not ordered by context (cf. multidimensional scaling)
28.4. overlap is allowed and must be dealt with using
overlay methods
29. A few comments about the use of metaphors
30. Germane metaphors
30.1. weak (not necessarily inferior choices) metaphors
versus strong (Couclelis)
30.1 .1. weak: (e.g. "desktop")
30.1.2. weak metaphors that can fade in and out so that
we don't become captives of metaphors
30.2. strong (e.g. flight sim)
31. metaphor as design tool
31.1. a good metaphor guides the design of the map in
useful directions
31.2. for spatial processing
32. a simple metaphor of a 'boring rural field' is a good
place to start
32.1. simple areal feature (can be disjoint)
32.2. we are starting from solid ground...and can build
more sophisticate~etaphors from the ground up
33. Summing up our metaphor
34. A cartographic stem-and-leaf plot for text:
34.1. What the graphic stem-and-leaf plot (Tukey) is
to numbers,
34.2. the word-as-field map is to text
35. Text built text coordinates
35.1. or concept built concept coordinates
35.2. ie. like data built data measures
36. some attributes are encoded in the X and Y value
36.1. used to create the space (see assumptions below)
37. multifunctioning graphic elements (Tufte)
37.1. the word is explicitly labeled
37.1.1. it is not just a blob- it is readable
38. the shape size and other graphic elements are used as
patterns
38.1. by humans
38.2. and can be used by the machine
39. What we have here are words and concepts as areal entities
39.1. These are literally 'semantic fields'
39.2. That are built hierarchically out of pixels
39.2.1. which form letter areas
39.2.1.1. which jointly form the area for a word or
concept
40. The Semantic Field metaphor
40.1. Words (text) are used to represent concepts
40.2. However, the words are additionally treated as (graphic)
areal entities (duality)
41. The metaphor:
41.1. A word expressing a given concept is viewed as
an areal spatial object a field of letters.
42. Assumptions
42.1. we have fi concepts (in the form of words)
42.2. each concept can be mapped to a cartographic location
on the information map
42.3. concepts have i attributes (or properties)
42.4. attribute x and attribute y are used to fix the
location of the concept in the space
43. attribute z is represented by the numeric value of the
pixels that makes up the concept
43.1. attributes Zi (i = 1 to m) are represented
using a separate layer for each attribute,
43.2. if for example, the attribute is "3178" for the
number of times the word 'concept' was encountered in an Internet search
engine query, then the pixels of 'concept' would be coded as 3178.
43.3. note that the z value can represent qualitative
nominal values as well as quantitative values.
44. A few words on GIS, GiScience, and Spatialization
45. What essentially are GIS?
45.1. Geographic Information Systems can be represented
by a Venn Diagram that has Automated Cartography, Spatial Analysis, and
Geographic Database circles.
46. What is all the excitement surrounding GIS about?
46.1 a new spatial literacy
46.1.1. we can not only think spatially (internal representation)
46.1.2. but actually do a lot more about it (external
representation)
47. from descriptive to derivative: the ability to progressively
generate new information
47.1. --- and the ability to make implicit spatial relations
explicit
48. Examples of GISci models that are available
48.1. the cellular exploratory spatial analysis (CESA)
subset
49. GIS and Geography are strongly intertwined
49.1. something big is happening to Geography...AAG
specialty membership as an indicator
49.2. Allied technical fields create an even more massive
army:
49.2.1. e.g.: cartography, remote sensing, GPS, math/stats
modeling, etc.
49.3. Three Geography GIS textbooks have appeared in January
1997
50. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, Michael
N. DeMers, John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
50.l.· "This
is a book about geography. It is also about Geographic Information Systems
(GIS)?" (p.3)
· The book emphasizes
spatial concepts and ideas over tools.
· Fundamentals ... is
aptly titled-the book does an admirable job at laying down in an orderly
fashion the conceptual foundations of a new discipline.
50.3.1. (Pazner 1997, book review to appear in
Transactions in GIS, Vol.1 No.3)
51. Spatialization - An important emerging field
51.1. · Spatialization
entails the modern use of geographic metaphors and spatial and graphic
processing for representing non-spatial information.
51.2. · A
conceptually and methodologically challenging fast-growing research field,
51.2.1. - the main problem seems to be how to
create the new space
52. A quote:
52.1. "Will there be a Netscape of Virtual Cartography?
Or are Netscape, Microsoft, Oracle and every other company creating virtual
environments on the Internet already in the cartography business? Schrage
will explore the ways technology, complexity, and cartographic expertise
may combine to create new marketplaces for maps"
52.1.1. Michael Schrage (MIT), Keynote Speaker on "Multimedia,
Hypermaps, and Cartopreneurs:
Mapping the Future of the Marketplace", GIS LIS '96, November,
Denver, CO.
53. A growing number of innovative software products are
being developed in this area
53.1. Microsoft has hired over 150 people to work in
cartography..
54. Wrap-up: issues, opportunities and challenges
55. General main message: It makes a lot of sense to represent
information using spatial metaphors.
55.1. The reason being that substantial benefits can
be reaped by applying Geographic Information Science and modern spatial
analysis, modeling and visualization.
56. Spatialized information shouldn't be seen just
as a candidate for visualization
56.1. but also as a candidate for further processing
to 'tease out' derivative and implicit relationships.
57. GISci offers the opportunity to do coupled spatial database
querying, analysis, and visualization.
58. Specific main message: to present "woordinates"
and word fields.
59. An experimental information space was created that
is compatible with a grid based GIS
59.1. Features in this space can benefit from the quantitative
and visual functionality of~ spatial processing.
60. "How can we...." questions?
60.1. We have a mechanism for coming up with solutions
60.2. To get to the answer think of it in terms of cartography
and GISci and spatial image processing. There is a body of accumulated
expertise there.
60.2.1. for example: How do we deal with scale and how
can we apply cartographic generalization?
60.2.1.1. Answer: In a similar way that fields can be
rescaled and generalized in maps and images. Period.
61 We should think in terms of building multi-disciplinary
teams that include GISci specialists, cartographers and geographers.
61.1. and not just linguists, computer scientists, statisticians,
psychologists, etc.
62. There is a clear need to develop integrated applications:
62.1. information system (DBMS. query, search, processing)
62.2. geographic information system (e.g. ESRI ArcInfo
and ArcJView)
62.3. adapted virtual reality user interface (e.g. MS
W95 flight simulator)
62.4. data conversion software between each stage
63. GISci challenges:
64. Creating operational linguistic spatial databases
64.1. E.g. of a whole Dictionary or Thesaurus
65. Using linguistic spatial database functions
and models
65.1. Examples of GISci models that are available
65.1.1. the cellular exploratory spatial analysis (CESA)
subset
65.1.1.1. *SIPmodels*
